Understanding Anxiety

An article in the MedicalNewsToday by Adam Felman defines anxiety as a natural response to stress or danger, characterised by feelings of worry, fear, or unease. While occasional anxiety is a normal part of life, excessive or persistent anxiety that interferes with daily activities may indicate an anxiety disorder.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions globally, affecting individuals of all ages. They include a range of conditions, such as generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.

Anxiety disorders can vary in intensity and duration. While some individuals may experience acute episodes of heightened anxiety, others may live with chronic, ongoing symptoms that affect their quality of life.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of anxiety can differ from person to person, but common indicators include:

• Excessive worry or fear

• Restlessness or feeling "on edge"

• Fatigue

• Difficulty concentrating

• Irritability

• Muscle tension

• Rapid heartbeat or palpitations

• Sweating

• Shortness of breath

• Sleep disturbances (difficulty falling or staying asleep)

Anxiety in Different Populations

In Females

According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), women are more likely than men to experience anxiety disorders. Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy or menopause, may contribute to this increased prevalence.

Common symptoms of anxiety in females include:

• Rumination or overthinking

• Avoidance of stressful situations

• Fatigue

• Heightened sensitivity to stress

In Males

Men are less likely to report anxiety symptoms but may exhibit them in unique ways. Societal expectations often lead men to suppress their emotions, which can manifest as:

• Irritability or anger

• Risk-taking behaviours

• Excessive use of substances, such as alcohol or drugs

• Difficulty expressing emotions or seeking help

In Teens

Adolescence is a time of significant physical, emotional, and social changes, which can increase vulnerability to anxiety. Common signs in teens include:

• Avoidance of social situations or school activities

• Increased sensitivity to peer pressure

• Irrational fears or phobias

• Poor academic performance

In Children

Anxiety in children may be harder to recognise, as they often lack the vocabulary to articulate their feelings. Symptoms may include:

• Frequent crying or tantrums

• Clinginess to caregivers

• Refusal to attend school

• Stomach aches or headaches with no medical explanation

Causes

The exact causes of anxiety are not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to its development, including:

• Genetic predisposition: A family history of anxiety or other mental health conditions increases the risk.

• Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, may play a role.

• Environmental factors: Traumatic events, chronic stress, or significant life changes can trigger anxiety.

• Personality traits: Individuals with certain personality types, such as perfectionism, may be more prone to anxiety.

• Other medical conditions: Chronic illnesses or hormonal imbalances can exacerbate anxiety symptoms.

 Treatment

Anxiety is highly treatable, and managing symptoms typically involves a combination of approaches:

Support

This includes creating a network of understanding family and friends, as well as engaging in self-help practices such as mindfulness, exercise, and relaxation techniques.

Psychotherapy

Evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) are highly effective in treating anxiety disorders. Therapists may help individuals identify and challenge unhelpful thought patterns, gradually reducing anxiety symptoms.

Medication

In some cases, doctors may prescribe medications such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or Benzodiazepines to manage anxiety. These are often used in combination with therapy for the best results.

Anxiety, while challenging, is manageable with the right support and treatment. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms, seeking professional help can provide tools to navigate and overcome anxiety, leading to a healthier and more balanced life.